The Role of Competency-Based Education in Enhancing Learner Outcomes.

This article covers the benefits and challenges of competency-based education (CBE) and its implementation through online or hybrid learning. It discusses critical components, evolution, aligning education with job market needs, and technology's role in supporting CBE.
The Role of Competency-Based Education in Enhancing Learner Outcomes.
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In recent years, competency-based education (CBE) has emerged as an alternative to traditional education models. The student-centered approach focuses on identifying and measuring specific competencies or skills students must demonstrate to succeed academically. This approach can potentially enhance learner outcomes and increase access to higher education by aligning education with the job market's needs. In this article, we will explore the benefits and challenges of CBE, its critical components, and how educators can implement CBE through online or hybrid learning models.

The Evolution of CBE     
Educators have used CBE in vocational education since the 1960s to measure and certify workers' skills. Since then, CBE has been around for several decades and has evolved. In the 1970s, the concept of "mastery learning" emerged, which focused on ensuring that students achieved a specific level of competency before moving on to the next level of instruction. In the 1990s, CBE began to gain popularity in higher education, with institutions like Capella University and the University of Wisconsin System launching competency-based programs.

The Benefits of CBE       
One of the main benefits of CBE is its flexibility. Students can progress independently and demonstrate their competencies through various assessments, such as exams, projects, and portfolios. This flexibility makes CBE particularly effective for adult learners, who often have work and family obligations that make it challenging to attend traditional classes. CBE also has the potential to reduce the time and cost required to earn a degree, as students can earn credit for competencies they already possess.

Another benefit of CBE is its ability to align education with the job market's needs. By identifying the specific competencies required for success in a particular field, CBE programs can ensure graduates are well-prepared for the workforce. Employers provide input on the competencies that should be included. CBE program designers should consist of competencies in their curriculum, often resulting in partnerships between them and employers. 

The Challenges of Implementing CBE     
While CBE has many benefits, there are also challenges to implementing it. One of the main challenges is the need for faculty and staff training. To deliver instruction and assess competencies effectively in CBE, institutions should train their faculty and staff differently than traditional education models.

Another challenge for CBE programs is the development of valid and reliable assessments that measure the identified competencies. However, developing these assessments can be a time-consuming and expensive process.

Finally, there is the potential for students to fall behind if they are not self-directed learners. CBE requires students to take a more active role in their education, and some students may struggle to manage their time and stay on track.

The Critical Components of CBE
Several critical components of CBE are essential for its success. The first is the identification of competencies. CBE programs must identify the competencies or skills students must demonstrate to succeed academically. Educators should align these competencies with the job market's needs by taking input from employers and industry experts.

The second critical component is the assessment of competencies. CBE programs must develop valid and reliable assessments that measure their identified competencies. These assessments can take many forms, including exams, projects, and portfolios.

The third critical component is student progression. CBE programs must provide students with clear pathways for progressing through the program. Educators must master the task of identifying the competencies that students must master at each level and providing them with support and guidance to help them succeed. 

Implementing CBE Through Online or Hybrid Learning Models  
CBE has the advantage that educators can deliver it in various formats, including online or hybrid learning models. These delivery models allow for greater flexibility and accessibility, making it easier for students to balance their academic pursuits with work or other commitments.

Online learning platforms provide students access to course materials, lectures, and assessments from anywhere with an Internet connection. Students can progress at their own pace and demonstrate competency in the required skills and knowledge without the need to attend traditional classes or adhere to rigid schedules.

On the other hand, hybrid learning models blend online learning with face-to-face instruction. This model can be particularly effective in areas that require hands-on training, such as healthcare or technical fields. In hybrid CBE programs, students can complete online coursework and assessments and attend in-person sessions for practical application and skill development.

Implementing CBE through online or hybrid learning models can also help institutions overcome some of the challenges associated with traditional education models, such as limited resources and faculty constraints. Online platforms and hybrid models allow institutions to reach more students, reduce the cost of delivering education, and scale their programs to meet the needs of a diverse population.

Technology and CBE      
Technology plays a critical role in supporting CBE initiatives. CBE relies heavily on technology to assess student competencies, track progress, and deliver course materials. Many technology solutions are available to help CBE programs, including learning management systems (LMS), adaptive learning platforms, and digital badging systems.

LMS platforms provide an integrated solution for managing online courses, including course delivery, assessment, and reporting. Many LMS platforms also include features such as competency tracking and reporting, making it easier for instructors and students to monitor progress and identify areas for improvement.

Designers create adaptive learning platforms to personalize the learning experience by adjusting course materials and assessments to the individual student's needs and progress. These platforms use data and analytics to identify gaps in knowledge or areas of strength, allowing instructors to tailor the curriculum to the specific needs of each student.

Digital badging systems provide a way to recognize and reward student achievements in specific competencies. These systems issue digital badges that can be displayed on a student's online profile or resume, providing a way to showcase their skills and achievements to potential employers.

Examples of Successful CBE Programs   
Several institutions have successfully implemented CBE programs, including the Western Governors University (WGU) and the College for America at Southern New Hampshire University. These programs have demonstrated the potential of CBE to improve learner outcomes, increase access to higher education, and align instruction with the job market's needs.

WGU is an online university that offers competency-based programs in various fields, including business, education, and healthcare. WGU has designed its programs to align with employers' needs and provide students with practical skills and knowledge they can apply directly in the workplace. The university has also partnered with employers to offer tuition reimbursement programs and provide students with hands-on experience opportunities.

The College for America at Southern New Hampshire University offers competency-based programs in various fields, including healthcare, business, and information technology. The college has designed its programs to be affordable, flexible, and accessible, making it easier for students to balance their academic pursuits with work or other commitments. The college also provides students with mentorship and support services to help them succeed academically and professionally. 

Recommendations for Implementing CBE           
Institutions interested in implementing CBE should consider the following recommendations:          

  • Develop a clear understanding of the critical components of CBE, including how competencies are identified, assessed, and reported.
  • Employers and the job market should align CBE programs with their needs to ensure students acquire practical skills and knowledge they can apply directly in the workplace.
  • Provide students with adequate support and guidance to help them succeed in a competency-based program.
  • Invest in technology and instructional design to create engaging and interactive learning experiences that support the mastery of competencies.
  • Create a culture of continuous improvement by collecting and analyzing student performance data and adjusting the program as needed.
  • Collaborate with other institutions and organizations to share best practices and learn from the experiences of others who have implemented CBE.
  • Develop a comprehensive communication plan to ensure that students, faculty, and other stakeholders are informed about the benefits and expectations of CBE.

In the end          
Competency-based education is a promising alternative to traditional education models focusing on specific skills and knowledge rather than time-based measures like credit hours and grades. CBE has the potential to improve learner outcomes, increase access to higher education, and align education with the needs of the job market.

However, implementing CBE requires a clear understanding of its critical components, support and guidance for students, and the use of technology to facilitate learning. Institutions interested in implementing CBE should carefully consider the challenges and benefits of this approach and develop a comprehensive implementation plan.

As CBE continues to gain popularity, institutions must work together to share best practices and build a community of practice around this innovative educational model. With the proper support and resources, CBE can help institutions to improve learner outcomes and better prepare students for success in the workforce.

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